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U.S.
Chemical Control
The Controlled Substances
Act (CSA) is the principal federal law directed at combating the illicit
manufacture and distribution of controlled drugs in the United States.
Since its passage in 1970, the CSA has been amended on a number of occasions.
The most recent change in the scope of the CSA is the implementation of
amendments and regulations regarding chemicals and equipment used in the
illicit production of controlled substances. The clandestine production
of drugs is dependent on the availability of chemicals necessary to accomplish
the illicit activity. Most of the drugs in the illicit traffic, with the
exception of marijuana, require chemicals to be produced. For example,
although cocaine is produced naturally in the coca plant, large amounts
of chemicals are needed to successfully extract the drug and purify it
for the illicit market.
The controls placed
on chemicals are substantially less than those imposed on controlled drugs
because most of the chemicals have legitimate industrial applications.
For this reason, the term "regulated" more appropriately describes
chemicals covered under the CSA as compared to the term "controlled"
that is used for drugs. Several items that are regulated as chemicals
under the CSA are also non-controlled ingredients in drug products lawfully
marketed under the Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act and are, therefore,
widely available to the general public. Examples of these products include
over-the-counter (OTC) medications containing ephedrine, pseudoephedrine,
and/or phenylpropanolamine.
DEA chemical control
was initiated in the United States with the passage of the Chemical Diversion
and Trafficking Act of 1988 (CDTA) that became effective on August 1,
1989. The initial legislation was drafted in 1985. The CDTA regulated
1 2 precursor chemicals, eight essential chemicals, tableting machines,
and encapsulating machines by imposing record keeping and import/export
reporting requirements on transactions involving these materials. United
States companies were the main source of tons of chemicals used in the
production of cocaine in the Andean countries of South America. The principal
chemicals used in the production of cocaine at that time included acetone,
methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone, ethyl ether, potassium permanganate,
hydrochloric acid, and sulfuric acid. Soon after the CDTA became effective,
the quantity of many of these chemicals exported from the United States
declined significantly.
Cocaine traffickers
reacted to the reduction in the availability of U.S. chemicals for illicit
production by developing new sources of supply in other parts of the world.
The U.S. Government, with the leadership and assistance of the DEA, responded
by eliciting the support of the international community for worldwide
chemical control. The international community responded by incorporating
Article 12 into the U.N. Convention Against Illicit Drug Traffic of 1988.
Article 12 established chemical controls on a list of 22 chemicals used
in the production of heroin, cocaine, LSD, PCP, amphetamine, methamphetamine,
MDMA and related drugs, and numerous other clandestinely produced drugs.
The DEA has sponsored a number of international meetings and training
seminars to educate other nations in the benefits of chemical control
as a tool to fight drug trafficking. DEA efforts have resulted in chemical
control legislation and active programs to prevent the diversion of chemicals
used in the clandestine production of drugs in many nations.
The CDTA also had
an initial impact on the number of clandestine methamphetamine laboratories
in the United States. In the first three years after the law was passed,
the number of clandestine laboratories seized by the DEA declined by 61
percent. In addition, injuries attributed to illicitly manufactured controlled
substances that were reported to the Drug Abuse Warning Network (DAWN)
declined by almost 60 percent during the same time period.
The provisions of
the CDTA regarding bulk ephedrine and pseudoephedrine caused methamphetamine
traffickers to look for other sources of the precursors. The traffickers
noted that the CDTA contained an exemption for over-the-counter (OTC)
products that contained regulated chemicals. They took advantage of this
loophole by turning to single entity OTC ephedrine tablets and capsules
whose single active ingredient was ephedrine as a source of precursor
material for the illicit production of methamphetamine.
Federal legislation
was passed in 1993 in response to the methamphetamine traffickers' switch
to OTC ephedrine products. The legislation was the Domestic Chemical Diversion
and Control Act of 1993 (DCDCA) that became effective on April 16, 1994.
The DCDCA eliminated the CDTA terminology of "precursors" and
"essential" for chemicals regulated under that act and replaced
them with the terms "List I" and "List II" chemicals.
The DCDCA also removed the exemption for OTC single entity ephedrine tablets
thus closing the loophole left by the CDTA. In addition, it gave the DEA
the authority to remove the exemption for any other drugs containing listed
chemicals if it was shown that they were being diverted for the illicit
production of controlled substances. The DCDCA required that all manufacturers,
distributors, importers, and exporters of List I chemicals be registered
with the DEA and that bulk manufacturers of List I and List II chemicals
report on the total quantity of listed chemicals produced during the year.
Record keeping and reporting requirements for transactions in single-entity
ephedrine products were also imposed by the DCDCA.
Methamphetamine traffickers
quickly reacted to the provisions of the DCDCA by switching to single-entity
pseudoephedrine products and combination products of ephedrine. The Comprehensive
Methamphetamine Control Act of 1996 (MCA) was passed to counter the traffickers'
response to the DCDCA. The MCA expanded regulatory controls on all lawfully
marketed drug products containing ephedrine, pseudoephedrine, and phenylpropanolamine,
and it increased penalties for the trafficking and manufacturing of methamphetamine
and listed chemicals. The MCA also made it unlawful for any person to
distribute a "laboratory supply" to a person who uses, or attempts
to use, that "laboratory supply" to manufacture a controlled
drug or listed chemicals with reckless disregard for the illegal uses
to which such "laboratory supply" will be put. The Special Surveillance
List was published by the Attorney General and consisted of all listed
chemicals, all mixtures, and all OTC products and dietary supplements
that contain listed chemicals, 28 other chemicals frequently used in the
clandestine production of controlled drugs, or listed chemicals and 4
pieces of laboratory equipment commonly found at clandestine drug laboratories.
Individuals who violate the "laboratory supply" provision of
the MCA are subject to a maximum civil fine of $25,000. Businesses that
violate the provision are subject to a maximum civil fine of $250,000.
Ready access to chemical
supplies is critical to drug traffickers. Traffickers continuously look
for loopholes in legislation and new methods of clandestine production
routes in an effort to continue their illegal activity. The DEA has embraced
chemical control as an important tool in reducing the availability of
clandestinely produced drugs and is committed to depriving drug traffickers
of the chemicals needed to manufacture illicit drugs. Currently, List
I and List II of the CSA contain 35 chemicals.
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